In their methodology the classical economists fell into two camps . 古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的方法論分為兩大陣營(yíng)。
In differentiating international from domestic trade, classical economists stressed the behavior of the factors of production . 在區(qū)別國(guó)際貿(mào)易與國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易時(shí),古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)生產(chǎn)要素行為的特點(diǎn)。
New classical economists 新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家
The intrinsic vulnerability of bank system has been shown hi the classical economists " early elaboration 銀行系統(tǒng)具有內(nèi)在的脆弱性,這在眾多經(jīng)典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的早期論述中即可窺見一斑。
Technological development and the economic growth dependent on it have brought about great changes in the economic systems which were described by the classical economists 原譯文:技術(shù)的發(fā)展以及依賴技術(shù)發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)使得傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所描述的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
Competition , formerly between individual firms , is now mainly between nations , and is therefore conducted by methods quite different from those formulated by the classical economists 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)過去是在公司之間展開,但現(xiàn)在主要成為國(guó)家之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),所以,經(jīng)典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們揭示的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方法已經(jīng)不再適用。
Competition , formerly between individual firms , is now mainly between nations , and is therefore conducted by methods quite different from those formulated by the classical economists 譯文競(jìng)爭(zhēng)過去是在公司之間展開,但現(xiàn)在主要成為國(guó)家之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),所以,經(jīng)典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們揭示的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方法已經(jīng)不再適用。
Therefore , economic theory and actual costs is the most core economic activities , from the classical economists , until modern economists , management scientists to study the issue of production costs has never ceased 所以,成本問題是經(jīng)濟(jì)理論與實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中最為核心的問題,從古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家開始,直到現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、管理學(xué)家對(duì)生產(chǎn)成本問題的研究從來都沒有停止過。
The chapter starts from a brief summary of the major points of view on the scale economies held by adam smith , karl marx , allyn young , alfred marshall and the neo - classical economists , as well as the neo - institutional economists 首先是把亞當(dāng)斯密、馬克思、阿林楊格、馬歇爾以及新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)關(guān)于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的論述進(jìn)行了概括,揭示出規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的基本特征。
2 . the idea of human capital can be traced back to adam ? smith , yet the theory of human capital was coined by t . w . shultz etc - - some new classical economists - - in the course of seeking the enigma of economic growth in the turning of the 50s and 60s of 20th century 2 .人力資本思想可追溯到亞當(dāng)?斯密,但人力資本理論卻是舒爾茨等新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家于上世紀(jì)50年代末、 60年代初在探求“經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之謎”過程中創(chuàng)立的。